Abstract Background:- Depakine (valproic acid) is an antiepileptic medication that is commonly used as a first‑line treatment for a variety of seizures in both adults and children. However, it can result in testicular toxicity by increasing oxida tive stress inflammation. Melatonin (MLT) has antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory, and anti‑apoptotic potential. Therefore, the present study investigated the impact of MLT on depakine‑induced testicular damage in rats.

Acute conjunctivitis is described as inflammation of the conjunctiva that lasts less than 3 to 4 weeks, showing cellular infiltration and exudation. Conjunctivitis can cause significant and lasting harm to the eye, resulting in severe inflammation in the corneal lid. This study seeks to isolate and identify the particular bacterial pathogens responsible for conjunctivitis in patients at Tripoli Eye Hospital. Collection of bacterial samples from patients with conjunctivitis was conducted at the ophthalmic consultative clinic within Tripoli Eye Hospital, Libya between September 2021 and January 2022. Tests were done to separate bacterial pathogens causing conjunctivitis and to test their resistance to antibiotics. Among 140 samples, bacterial infection was detected in 86% of cases while 14% yielded negative results. Males had a higher prevalence of bacterial infections at 63% in comparison to females. Both male and female individuals aged 60-79 years had the highest percentage of bacterial conjunctivitis cases at 51%. Segregation tests showed that the majority (82%) were Gram-positive, while a minority (18%) were Gram-negative, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most prevalent bacteria (35%), closely followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (32%). Streptococcal pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp had rates of 2% which were lower. The majority of organisms showed sensitivity to levofloxacin (43%), while there was only a small amount of resistance to polymyxin B (4%). Professional attention and microbiological research are crucial for verifying clinical diagnoses and carrying out suitable and efficient treatments.

The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak to be a global pandemic in March 2020, also the COVID-19 pandemic has caused drastic changes across the globe, affecting all areas of life. However, the pandemic cannot be ended overnight and more social distancing and other self-care measures are needed to protect our Libyan community. Therefore, people´s awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and appropriate behaviors are instrumental to containing the pandemic. This study aims to create a questionnaire to determine the Libyan society's environmental awareness of COVID-19

Shale gas is a form of natural gas found trapped within shale formations. Shale gas is vastly distributed around the world. Recently, there has been increasing interest in exploiting shale gas for energy production. As a source of energy, many countries started to investigate their shale gas potential. To understand the public’s views on the extraction of shale gas and its long and short-term health and environmental consequences, this study was undertaken to recognize Ghadames region residents’ awareness of the environmental and health effects resulting from the extraction of shale gas in their areas. Ghadames region is located in northwest Libya, where a potential deposit of shale gas is spotted; therefore, it was perfect as a study area. A population survey from a random sample (N=251) drawn from local residents; it was designed to detect the public opinion of the most likely adverse direct and indirect health and environmental outcomes as a result of fracking; the possible benefits were also included as well. The results show that the majority of respondents support shale gas extraction in their hometown, no matter how the consequences will affect their health and environment, about 70% of the respondents show support for shale gas exploitation

Shale gas and shale oil have rapidly revolutionized the energy supply and security landscape in various parts of the world. As Libya has a notable deposit of shale gas, this study sought to gain insight into the public perception of potential health and environmental impacts of a hydraulic fracturing and its associated controversies. It also sought to determine whether there is a need for public awareness of the science and economics associated with hydraulic fracturing. In this study, 304 local residents in Zawia city in the north west of Libya were surveyed on their views on the exploration of shale gas. The purpose of the survey is to understand the factors that influence local residents‖ support or opposition to the use of shale gas, such as energy independence, environmental consciousness, and risk/benefit perceptions. The results show that the respondents are generally supportive of shale gas extraction, the study show that 52% of the respondents express support or strong support for shale gas exploitation. Both this and future studies have the potential to improve public discourse and decision-making around the development of unconventional gas and oil industries.

This study investigated the challenges facing 4^th year Health Sciences College students in Gharyan University in translating/ learning English medical terms into Arabic. Two types of instruments were used to collect quantitative data needed for answering the research questions. The study participants were asked to translate and analyse some given medical English terms into Arabic, and via a questionnaire items they were asked to select the strategies they used to translate and analyse the given terms. The results revealed that many of the participants failed to translate the given medical terms into Arabic and most of them failed to analyse the terms into their individual segments. The analysed questionnaire data showed that most of the participants prefer to use bilingual dictionaries in translating the given terms. Explicit teaching of the medical terms translation with the focus on the meaning of the affixes and the roots of the terms may help in achieving correct translation of any English medical terms into Arabic language.  

Key words: challenges, medical terms, quantitative data, questionnaire.

Abstract

Background: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a disease transmitted by infected sandflies in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Over 12 million people are infected with CL, with 90% of cases occurring in Afghanistan, Iran, Algeria, Brazil, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Libya. CL causes localized skin lesions that may disappear without treatment or persist, causing severe tissue damage, permanent disfigurement, and serious disability. Physical methods such as cryotherapy, heat therapy, photodynamic therapy, laser, and radiofrequency have shown promising results in treating CL. However, none of the suggested treatments are universally effective, and many of them are associated with serious local and systemic side effects. Early diagnosis and treatment can cure the disease, prevent psychological impact, and help in the prevention of transmission. Different therapeutic modalities (monotherapy or combined therapy) were used in patient treatment, with different approaches planned according to the severity and duration of the condition.

Patients and methods: The study was conducted on 60 Patients who were divided into three groups: 20 patients treated with dapsone tab 100mg once daily for one month and 20 with radiofrequency, the third group, 20 Patients were treated with a combination of dapsone tab 100mg and radiofrequency. Treatment sessions were scheduled 1 session every 2 weeks. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software version 18 (USA).

Results and Discussion: Patients underwent weekly physical exams to evaluate clinical response and adverse effects. Clinical response was classified as complete, good, or poor. Data were analyzed using one-way NOVA, Turkey's test, chisquare test, ANOVA, and Fischer's exact test. There was no significant difference among studied groups regarding demographic data. Patients treated with dapsone and radiofrequency were significantly more cleared in 1-2 months than those treated with radiofrequency alone. Conclusion: Patients had weekly physical exams to evaluate the clinical response and adverse effects. Clinical response was classified as complete, good, or poor. Data was analyzed using various tests. Dapsone and radiofrequency-treated patients cleared more in 1-2 months.

Keywords: Cutaneous leishmaniasis; Dapsone; Radiofrequency; Aalgabal algarby; Libya

The present study was carried out to evaluate the fluoride content of bottled water brands available in the market of Tripoli city and to measure if it is consistent with local standards. A total of 23 commercially available brands were collected and examined for fluoride content. 22 samples were locally produced and one was imported. The average fluoride levels of each sample was determined using the procedure outline in the Palintest photometer method and then compared with the fluoride content printed on the bottle labels. In all bottled water brands investigated, 19 brands of the analyzed samples did not state the fluoride levels on the labels of the bottles. The determined fluoride concentrations ranged from 0 to 2.75 ppm. For each brand, the fluoride level was not similar to the labeled fluoride. 82.6% (19 brands) had a fluoride content lower than the Libyan standards, 1 brands had a fluoride content higher than the Libyan standards, and 7 brands had zero fluoride content. All the samples examined had fluoride content outside the range regulated by Libyan standards. There was a significant variation between the F levels stated by the manufacturer on the bottle labels and the values measured during the investigation